The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.

Disorders affecting amino acid metabolism. The majority of these disorders are inherited and present in the neonatal period with metabolic disturbances (e.g., ACIDOSIS) and neurologic manifestations. They are present at birth, although they may not become symptomatic until later in life.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA can be inserted into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene. Insertion of the provirus can cause mutations by interrupting coding sequences or regulatory elements, or cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.

An adolescent who is receiving long-term in-patient services and who resides in an institutional setting.

Specific sites or molecular structures on or in cells with which fibronectins react or to which they bind. Studies have shown that these receptors function in certain types of adhesive contact as well as playing a major role in matrix assembly. These are the traditional fibronectin receptors, also called VLA-5 receptors or alpha 5 beta 1 integrins. There are also other integrins that bind fibronectin, including alpha v beta 1.

A heterodimer molecule widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. CD11a antigen comprises the alpha chain and the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18) the beta chain. LFA-1 is a major receptor of T-cells, B-cells, and granulocytes. It mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underlying cytolytic conjugate formation, helper T-cell interactions, and antibody-dependent killing by natural killer cells and granulocytes. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been defined as a ligand for LFA-1.

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b antigen and the beta subunit of the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18). The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

alpha-v beta-3 INTEGRINS that bind vitronectin with high affinity and play a role in cell migration. They also bind fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, osteopontin, and thrombospondin. The highly homologous alpha-v beta-5 integrin also binds vitronectin, but mediates simple adhesion.

Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA.